Human Beings as the Puppets of Society Essay -- Papers Behavior Sociol

Human Beings as the Puppets of Society Sociologists have long argued about whether or not we are controlled by the structure of the association in which we live, in other words, are we or are we not puppets of rules of order. Social structure theorists such as Functionalists and conflict theorists like Marxists, believe that we are puppets and that our behavior is controlled by the structure of the society in which we live. Both theories suggest that people are controlled by society but this argument is opposed by mixer action theorists such as Symbolic Interactionists who believe that society is created by the individuals themselves. To show far it can be argued that human beings are puppets of society this stress will look at functionalism and social control through the family, Marxism and social control within the education system and then look at the opponent theory of Symbolic Interactionism. It is also intended to discuss the recent structur ation theory of Giddens who argues that these theories are no longer valid in determining if we are puppets because some(prenominal) structure and action are necessary for society to exist and thus in some instances in our lives we are puppets and others we are not. According to Jones, Functionalists like Durkheim argue human behaviour as learned behaviour(2004, p.6), in other words everything we know and do has to be taught to us given that when we are born(p) we have no knowledge of anything. They argue that all our behaviour is learnt through the socialisation process. Functionalists consider that primary socialisation is the basis to learning the norms, values and roles of society and... ...eeded, so it could be argued, therefore, that even though at times we are free agents and have an individual choice in our actions we are also puppets of society because of the many of the structures of society. References List Czerniawski, G., 2004. Wha t is the Role of Education? Sociology Review, 14 (2), 24-25 Giddens, A., 2002. Sociology. 4th ed. Polity Press Jones, P., 2004. Introducing Social Theory. Cambridge Polity Press Wilson, A., 1985. Society Now Family. London Tavistock Publications Bibliography Moore, S., 2001. Sociology Alive. third ed. Cheltenham Nelson Thornes Ltd Haralambos and Holborn, 2000. Sociology Themes and Perspectives. 5th ed. London Collins Educational Bauman Z & May T., 2003. Thinking Sociologically. 2nd ed. London Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Analyzing King Lears Tragic Flaws Essay -- William Shakespeare King L

ANALYZING KING LEARS TRAGIC FLAWS ability Lear is a play about a tragic hero, by the bring out of King Lear, whose soils get the best of him. A tragic hero must possess three qualities. The first is they must have power, in other words, a leader. King Lear has the highest rank of any leader. He is a king. The next quality is they must have a tragic flaw, and King Lear has several of those. Finally, they must hold out a downfall. Lears realization of his mistakes is more than a downfall. It is a tragedy. Lear is a tragic hero because he has those three qualities. His flaws are his arrogance, his ignorance, and his misjudgments, each contributing to the other.The first flaw in King Lear is his arrogance, which results in the loss of Cordelia and Kent. It is his arrogance in the first scene of the play that causes him to make bad decisions. He expects his favorite, youngest daughter to be the to the highest degree worthy of his love. His pride makes him expect that Cordelias speech to be the one filled with the most love. Unfortunately for King Lears pride, Cordelia replies to his inquisition by saying, I love your majesty/According to my bond and nothing less(1.1.100-101). Out of pride and anger, Lear banishes Cordelia and splits the kingdom in half to the two evil sisters, Goneril and Regan. This tragic flaw prevents King Lear from seeing the truth because his arrogance overrides his judgement. Lears arrogance also causes him to lose his most faithful servan...

Assisted suicide :: essays research papers

Assisted suicide is a controversial issue in our society today. We ask the question, should people curb the right to decide when and how to end their buy the farms? Imagine a loved one in unbearable pain and knows it is only going to get worst until in the end death. What if a loved one came to you and asked you to help them escape all their pain and damage. Wouldnt you want to help that loved one if you could? Hazel Blazer suffering from cerebral spinal meningitis that could not be cured is an example. Eugene Bauer suffering from terminal throat cancer, or Clarence Herbert who suffered a heart attack and remained in a coma. in that location are two places in which terminally ill patients can be legally assisted in suicide. The Netherlands is one place where assisted suicide is prevalent among terminally ill. The method they use is euthanasia. Euthanasia is considered very humane and done very carefully. The family has the right to be there when terminally ill patient is atta ched the drugs. The process is totally up to the patient if they want to end their life or not. another(prenominal) place where assisted suicide is legal is in Oregon. Passed by the voters in 1994 the law enables terminally ill patients to obtain lethal doses of medication if their doctor determines they have less then six months to live. The right to die is nefarious in most places, but yet an individual has a constitutional right to request the withdrawal and withholding of medical treatment even if doing so results in death. The right of a person to refuse medical treatment is widely practiced and a more accepted way to end ones live in our society. Living wills are one way to refuse medical treatment. These wills are legal documents which state how much treatment a person wants and where to stop. Another way to refuse medical treatment is do-not-resuscitate orders. In which the person states if something would happen they would not want to be resuscitated. The raises an importa nt question, is the request of assistance in dying(p) just an extension of an individual right to control the kind of treatment received when dying? Karen Ann Quinlan suffered a respiratory arrest which left her in enduring vegetative state. The condition left her unable to breathe without respirator and unable to eat without a feeding tube.

What Foreign Aid Is Essay -- Politics Political Government Relations E

What Foreign Aid IsThere argon devil words that many politicians like to shy away from, and thosetwo words are, contradictory advocate. Taking a firm stand on either side of this topicis usu all in ally side stepped by decision makers. Their opinions are usually basedon a case by case analysis. This extremely controversial topic involves whetheror not to support the policy of opposed upkeep to needy or sometimes not so needycountries. What benefits does outside aid have for the countries that receiveit, and does it have any benefits for the countries who give? rough may say thatinstead of spending money on foreign aid, money should be spent on domestic aid.Those who argue in promote of foreign aid say that it is an investment in thefuture of both countries that will eventually pay off. There is also anotherfactor to distribute when discussing foreign aid what kind of foreign aid isbeing offered. There are three different types of foreign aid first, there ismilitary foreign aid second, there is foreign aid for the advancementof business third, there is emergency foreign aid for food and medicine.Foreign aid to countries can ease in many ways. It can be used as atool in bargaining. For instance a country that has just received foreign aidor is expecting to get their regular installment of foreign aid will be morelikely to listen to new ideas. Because some countries are so dependent on theirregular installments of foreign aid, they are willing to appease countries suchas the U.S who are giving it. When looked at closely, foreign aid may beconsidered an elaborate system of legal bribery. This becomes evident whencountries do what they would normally not consider doing in order to continuereceiving foreign aid. The U.S supplies pecuniary foreign aid to many differentcountries sometimes this foreign aid is in a form of a loan. For example,recently the U.S. supplied Mexico with a loan in order to save the go valueof the Peso. This loan was denigrated by m uch of the U.S. population becausemany people dont understand why the U.S. should care about the falling value ofthe Mexican Peso. First of all, deflation of the Peso means a loss of jobs inMexico which would in turn send an influx of illeagal immigrants from Mexico tothe United States. In addition, Mexico is a large economy that importsAmerican goods. If the P... ...the relief workers and to distribute the goods. Soonit seemed that the US was not wanted in Somalia, and it seemed as if they werebiting the hand that feeds them. With such cast out feelings about the UStroops staying in Somalia, an ethical decision had to be made. Do we helpthese starving people, or do we leave to protect ourselves. Somalia was supposititious to be a strictly humanitarian effort, but it turned out to be amilitary effort when the US had to fight against all sides.When either aspect of foreign aid is looked at, a decision about who isright or wrong by each individual on their own. Foreign aid is most likely anecessary evil for a superpower such as the United States. The US, just becauseof the sheer size and strength of its economy and military might has to watchover the rest of the world in order to keep balance and peace around the world.When considered, it turns out to be that all the foreign aid combined is such asmall percentage of the United States GDP that we really have little to complainabout. I imagine that foreign aid is blown out of proportion by the media. Itis hot topic that generates controversy and kicks up the ratings.

Exhibition on the Depiction of the Annunciation by Early Northern Rena :: essays research papers

The annunciation is the very moment of the Incarnation when the Holy Ghost overshadowed the Virgin and the Child conceived in her womb, the consummation of her marriage to God. (p.84 textbook)The promulgation by Rogier van der Weyden, completed around 1435, is a 33 7/8 x 36 1/4 panel, which once was part of a triptych. The flick is of Mary in a bedchamber, seated by the light of a window at the right, positioned on the floor in a stance that implies that she had been picky reading. The way that she is seated is similar to Campins Merode Altarpiece. (p.125 textbook) Gabriel sees to Marys back with a somewhat solemn face as Mary turns her head towards him. jibe to the text, Rogier uses bold lighting effects, graceful figures, and plunging perspectives, but allows the figures to stand out prominently against a more subdued background. (p. 126 textbook) Through a back window, the countryside privy be seen, showing that this is a daytime setting. Symbolically, the textbook states th at this scene is a thalamus virginis, and that in effect, Mary and God are symbolically sharing a marriage bedchamber. This can be explained by the depiction of Christ on a medallion hanging from the back of the bed.Van Eycks rendition of this theme, Annunciation, is thought to be the left(a) wing of a triptych. Completed around 1435-37, it is a panel transferred to canvas, 36 1/2 x 14 3/8. hither we see Mary in a church with both arms somewhat elevated in almost surprise fashion. Mary doesnt appear too happy or concerned even, and both she and Gabriel seem relatively neutral in emotion, considering the situation.Van Eyck depicts the moment when the Old Dispensation became the New. (p.104 textbook) Some symbolic representation includes Jehovah in the stained glass window above Mary, seen with the seraphim that Isaiah envisioned of the Lord. Seven rays of light protrude from the clerestory window in the upper left of the piece, symbolizing the desention of the Holy Ghost. The stool in the lower right of the panel symbolizes Isaiahs words, heaven is my Throne, the earth is my footstool. (p.104 textbook) The white lilies represent Marys purity.The Annunciation by Jacquemart de Hesdin, and possibly his shop, dates to around 1400. This piece, is from the Tres-Belles de Jehan de France, Duc de Berry. Mary is seated inside an open structure, as usual, disturbed by her devotional reading.

Exhibition on the Depiction of the Annunciation by Early Northern Rena :: essays research papers

The annunciation is the very moment of the Incarnation when the Holy Ghost overshadowed the Virgin and the Child conceived in her womb, the consummation of her marriage to God. (p.84 textbook)The Annunciation by Rogier van der Weyden, completed around 1435, is a 33 7/8 x 36 1/4 panel, which once was part of a triptych. The depiction is of Mary in a bedchamber, seated by the light of a window at the right, positioned on the basis in a stance that implies that she had been busy reading. The way that she is seated is similar to Campins Merode Altarpiece. (p.125 textbook) Gabriel appears to Marys back with a somewhat solemn flavor as Mary turns her head towards him.According to the text, Rogier uses bold lighting effects, graceful figures, and plunging perspectives, but allows the figures to stand out prominently against a more subdued background. (p. 126 textbook) by a back window, the countryside can be seen, showing that this is a daytime setting. Symbolically, the textbook states that this scene is a thalamus virginis, and that in effect, Mary and God are symbolically sharing a marriage bedchamber. This can be explained by the depiction of Christ on a medallion hanging from the back of the bed.Van van van Eycks rendition of this theme, Annunciation, is thought to be the left wing of a triptych. Completed around 1435-37, it is a panel transferred to canvas, 36 1/2 x 14 3/8. Here we see Mary in a church with both arms somewhat elevated in nearly surprise fashion. Mary doesnt appear too happy or concerned even, and both she and Gabriel seem relatively neutral in emotion, considering the situation.Van Eyck depicts the moment when the Old Dispensation became the New. (p.104 textbook) Some symbolism includes Jehovah in the stained glass window above Mary, seen with the seraphim that Isaiah envisioned of the Lord. Seven rays of light protrude from the clerestory window in the upper left of the piece, symbolizing the desention of the Holy Ghost. The stool in the lower right of the panel symbolizes Isaiahs words, heaven is my Throne, the earth is my footstool. (p.104 textbook) The sporting lilies represent Marys purity.The Annunciation by Jacquemart de Hesdin, and possibly his shop, dates to around 1400. This piece, is from the Tres-Belles de Jehan de France, Duc de Berry. Mary is seated inside an open structure, as usual, disturbed by her devotional reading.

Ethical Enviromental Issues

Ethics is the study of the choices people make regarding right and wrong (Ruggiero, 2008). Environ handstal ethics, it is more of a study near clean relationships of human beings to, and as healthy as the value and example status of, the environment and its nonhuman contents. Humans have been sharing our lives with nature for numerous of divisions we have to make many ethical decisions with respect to the environment cursory. We have been concentrating on finding miens and ideas to make our lives easier. Over duration we have forgotten to take in the immoral status of what we might be doing to our environment itself.In the past, future and horizontal present, there have been many controversial results on environmental ethics that need to be answered. There ar environmental issues affecting our world today such as deforestation and pollution. These problems have even begun to affect us at a global scale and not only have we put ourselves in grave peril yet we have also managed to endanger every other(a)(a) species that exist on ground. As noted by Yamamoto (2001), In Buddhism, human life, and other forms of life argon regarded as being of the same matter.Therefore, since they be evermore related to living things, Buddhism regards environmental problems as essenti all(prenominal)y an issue of ethics. There are many environmental issues that need to be taken care of as soon as possible. One issue would have to be deforestation. For years we as humans have depended on trees as a re citation to our everyday life. We have built homes, paper, and many other products from this precious resource. If the forest provided us with low cost homes and so many good resources, why is it an ethical issue or problem? This is a problem because deforestation destroys not only forests but also reduces the biodiversity, which means a reduction in the amount, as well as variation of, living things which can cause havoc on whole ecosystems. The cutting down of tropical rain forests is particularly detrimental to wildlife and other living things. (Yamamoto, 2001) We have been so concern in finding different ways to make our lives easier. Pollution is another issue that is affecting our environment. Pollution is cleanup off our wild life each and everyday. We as humans must take control of this problem very quickly.With so much pollution we are killing plants, animals, polluting our water, and causing the depleting of the Ozone layer. I once had to do a project about the effects of The Morris J. Berman oils spill of the coast of the Escambron beach in the island of Puerto Rico. From the pictures that I saw, I can say that I had never seen a more horrendous sight. This beautiful blue beach whose waters had turned into a murky vitriolic and filled with dead fish covered in oil. The occludeage was vey overwhelming especially. I leave alone never forget the awful pictures of so many animals smothering with the poisonous oil.Luckily this problem has been dealt with by the government for many years and they have found many solutions to ensure that these disasters do not repeat themselves. This is a great example of how government involves itself in Environmental Ethics. It was evident to every one the damage and the horror that was inflicted on nature by this human mishap. It is a fact that the government had always prioritized the restoration of the ocean that was damaged by the barge when it crashed and destroyed the homes to a colossal number of oceanic wildlife.Last year the government of Puerto Rico was compensated with $10 million for damages caused by the oil spill almost 14 years ago. These funds exit be used to build an artificial coral reef and a shore line nature reserve (Michael Melia, FoxNews. com, 2007). Our rain forests and the tribes that live in there are being affected by this pollution and deforestation also. The Kayapo are an indigenous group of Indians living in the rainforest of Brazil. The do minant ecosystems are tropical rainforest and grassland in which the Kayapo hunt, fish, and practice Sweden agriculture (slash and burn). (Goodale, 2004) Their way of life is being threatened by pollution, land grabs, and dams.There are many environmental ethics at stake. The first problem was the pollution from agricultural runoffs from acres of soybean and cattle just outside the boundaries of the Kayapo Indians. The pollution from the headwaters of the Xingu downriver flowed down to the Kayapo Indians, contaminating water supplies and aliment resources. The second issue was land invasion. Parts of the east bank of the Middle Xingu called Kapotnhinore are being illegally invaded and sold. This is creating a hostile, dangerous environment and also engine block river travel. (Goodale, 2004)The last issue not only affects the Kayapo Indian but also affects the rainforest that they live in. According to Goodale (2004), the Brazilian government has revived plans for several hydroelec tric dams along the Xingu River. The proposed project would displace Kayapo from their homes, because a loss of sustenance for those living downstream, disturb fish populations, and damage terrestrial ecosystems (Goodale, 2004). In a situation similar this, there are many views from some(prenominal) sides. Some people think that this is just wrong to disrupt a tribes natural way of life.If you take the river that they solely depend this will hurt their way of living. Some people think that proposed plan should go forward. Some believe that the dams will model the flow of water which will help prevent flooding and dry seasons and that the creation of the hydroelectric dams will create a clean source of electrical energy for millions. With an ever growing population, it does not make economic sense to have 28. 4 million acres set aside for only 5,000 people. When thinking about environmental ethics, there are many consequences that humans have to take in account. Some are good and some are bad.Weighing the consequences of the dam project, is it ethically right to proceed with the project? Personally, I do not think it is right. Although the dam can produce electricity for many people, many others are being displaced from their homes without any compensation. I think that there are many other alternatives in creating electricity without displacing the Kayapo Indians. This is not my decision to make. If these issues are not dealt with in time, they could lead to severe consequences such as the extinction of many species of both flora and fauna, and the dilapidated conditions of different habitats.Many people manage to go raffish through life unconcerned of the harmful changes that are inflicting upon our environment. It is imperative that we come to the understanding that even if humans are the dominant species on the planet the earth does not solely belong to us but to other life forms. Even though many of our ethical views on Environmental issues are anthro pocentric as mentioned by Andrew Brennan and Yeuk- Sze Lo (Environmental Ethics, January 3, 2008), we as the primary species have a responsibility not only towards the environment but we also have a moral commitment towards every other species that share our world with us.We are the only species capable of reasoning and reflection on ethical matters, thus giving all moral debate a definite human-centeredness. Personally I believe that perhaps it is exclusively up to us humans to deal with these issues immediately. The survival of all other species is imperative especially when the truth is that we are the causes of many of the planets damages. Many of the social and ethical obligations we have towards the planet consist to begin with of extending our moral standing beyond human centeredness.Humans must come to terms that we are just a fraction of living beings in this vast world and we must care for our planet and the respect the other living creatures that live on it also. Many p eople do genuinely feel that it is our moral duty to preserve every aspect of beauty in nature by treating wildlife of all species with a Big brother complex. I also believe that there are many human factors that are helping humans to become more aware of our duties towards helping the environment. We live in a time of great social turmoil and strife between nations.Many recognize an imminent doom to our species bordering a not so distant future. It is only rational that many humans are trying to get back in touch with nature, as if looking for a sense of innocence that one looses as a child. This is an innocence that was lost when man became careless with its potential to create and better his way of life. This mindset is becoming mixed and intertwined with the current growing sense that our world is changing and it might be too late to bring it back to the way it was. It is distinguished that humans begin to take action by engaging ethical protocols that concern our environmen t.In my recent research, I have found that the existence of solid Environmental Ethics is vital for a recess in a social mindset towards awareness on the subject uphold. These rules of conduct and the values they signify must be maintained primarily by the people, the government, and the branches of science that study global and geological issues. Professor Alasdair Cochrane of the London School of Economics and Political Science writes, First of all, environmental ethics needs to be and will be informed by changes in the political efforts to ameliorate environmental problems.Environmental ethics concerns formulating our moral obligations regarding the environment. While this enterprise can be, and oft is, quite abstract, it is also meant to engage with the real world However, without the participation of so many large polluters, with the agreed reductions in greenhouse gas emissions so small, and with many countries looking like they whitethorn well miss their targets, many comm entators already regard it as a failure. Ethicists need to respond not just by castigating those they blame for the failure.Rather they must propose alternative and better means of re resolve the problems we face. (Alasdair Cochrane, Environmental Ethics, 2007) Society of today has forgotten the importance and seriousness on environmental ethics. The consequences of our actions are affecting our future very rapidly. We humans are so consumed and focused on different ways that will make our lives so simple, that we ignore the fact of taking action in finding other methods in utilizing our resources better. Our children will be the ones affected and so will nature itself.Animals will be extinct in our childrens time and the world will gradually lose all its natural resources because we never thought to conserve source of electricity for millions. With an ever growing population, it does not make economic sense to have 28. 4 million acres set aside for only 5,000 people. genial invol vement is also vital when addressing these environmental issues. It is important that environmental concerns are discussed in educational institutions as with the inclusion of dynamic exercises that can benefit both the student who is learning to tackle ecological concerns and nature itself.During my elementary school days, my school would organize supervised visits to beaches and other natural locations where we would engage in cleaning and picking up garbage left by campers and beach goers. This was very helpful towards our city. This type of dynamic disciplined helped us in knowing that even if we did not put this garbage there, we definitely have the power to preserve the beauty of this environment. I think that this is a very decent value that should be taught to kids who are currently developing an ability to question why things are as they are.It will not only teach them to preserve our planet, but it will also help them appreciate how very nourishing this world is to us. Th is may also help mold them into some very sanitary adults. It is very important that the scientific community should be concerned with environmental issues also. Scientific perspectives can not only help us to understand better what is happening to our environment, but it will also permit us to find better solutions to these problems. Professor Alasdair mentions in his work that, Environmental ethics will of course be informed by our scientific understanding of the environment.Whether it is changes in our understanding of how ecosystems work, or changes in the evidence concerning the environmental crisis, it is clear that such change will inform and yield those thinkers writing on our environmental obligations. (Alasdair Cochrane, Environmental Ethics, 2007) I honestly believe that we, as humans, are advancing towards a time of global awakening and consciousness. cod to the fact that we think that there is nothing seriously wrong with our environment due to the cruel treatment we have inflicted on it for the past hundred years.Still, we are not late in focusing on these problems by establishing new lines of thought on our ethical and moral obligation towards the environment. By exploring the options that are essential to prevent future damages to our environment, we will be able to save not only ourselves as a species, but also the many other forms of life that inhabit our fertile earth. It is also very important that we apply ethical and philosophical values to the way we interact with our planet.This is a requirement that men and women who are willing to become advocates of this cause, by thinking and analyzing what is the problem that if being faced, and what is must we resort to as a solution to that problem. Governments have begun to embrace this and so have many other corporate institutions and social groups. We hold the fate of our future in our hands. So it is up to us humans to choose in which direction to steer our fates and the fates of all livi ng creatures on earth. In conclusion, I do believe that ethics plays a major part in the solving our environmental issues.When people are contemplating obligations towards the environment and making judgments on policies and procedures, ethics often come into the picture. When members of corporation are determining responsibility for future generations, religion is often a factor and ethics could be a component of the process. How do we answer the question What are the guidelines for farmers that use chemicals to fertilize their fields, when that water may eventually make its way to a water source? Ethics are part of answering this question.Where things have not been solved, more issues are stacking on them day by day. Environmental Ethics is a very important field. It continues to supply humans with valuable information on current environmental issues to which society needs to react swiftly. These reactions will provide critical information to address the issues at hand. Societi es need to make good decisions and those decisions will have ethics at their root. Personal thoughts and opinions, and ultimately decisions, will shape the environment for generations to come. We as people can make this world a better place to live.

The Fall of Mughal Empire

The fall of Mughal imperium Under Aurangzebs successors the decay of pudding stone was hastened by several causes and the spirit of lawlessness rampant throughout the land. In such circumstances ruin of Mughal Empire was inevitable. Aurangzeb, as a dominion of India proved to be a failure. He hardly realised that the greatness of an pudding stone depends on the progress of its people as a whole, largely owing to the emperors each of political foresight. The symptoms of the integration of Mughal Empire appeared onwards he left field the realism.His successors lonesome(prenominal) hastened the ferment of decay. Disintegration of the Mughal Empire The death of Aurangzeb on the 3rd March, 1707, was a signal for the disintegration of the mighty Mughal Empire, which dazzled the contemporary world by its extensive territories, military might and cultural achievements. The reign of Aurangzeb was the swan-song of the Mughal rule in India. No sooner had he breathed his last then his ternary sons Muazam, Muhammad Azam and Muhammad caravan inn Baksh entered into bitter oratorical quarrels for the possession of the locoweed of Delhi.While nine Mughal Emperors followed one another in quick succession in the fifty years side by side(p) the death of Aurangzeb, many adventurers Indian and foreign carved out independent principalities for themselves. Mughal governing body of Oudh, Bengal and the Deccan freed themselves from the control of the aboriginal Government. The Hindu forcefulnesss found the time opportune for self-assertion of their independence. Invaders from the North-West repeated their incursions in search of riches and the European trading companies interfered in Indian Politics.In spite of all these external and internal dangers, dissolution process of the primaeval structure of the great Mughal Empire was slow and long drawn out process. BajiRaos raid of Delhi(1773) and Nadir Shahs invasion(1739) exposed the hollowness of the Mughal Empire and b y 1740 the fall of the empire was an accomplished fact. Among the various causes responsible for decline and the downfall of the great Empire the following deserve special mention 1. Aurangzebs responsibility. The expansion of the Mughal Empire under Aurangzeb resembled an inflated balloon. The empire has expanded beyond the point of effective control.Its vastness in the absence of developed means of confabulation tended to run-downen the centre instead of strengthening it. The emperors religious policy provoked a general discontent in the country and the empire was faced with rebellions of the Sikhs, the Jats, the Bundelas, the Rajputs and above all the Marathas. Aurangzeb only created enemies. His narrow bigoted religious policy turned the Rajputs, a reliable supporter of the Imperial dynasties into foes. He re-imposed Jeiza on the Hindus which led to the rising of the Satnamis, Bundelas and the Jats. The Sikhs rose against the empire paralysing Imperial administration in the Pu njab.The Hindu resistance in the Maharashtra assumed a national character. The Maratha guerrillas demoralised the delicate armies of Aurangzeb, broke their spirit of superiority and wore them out. One of the strongest reasons of the annexation of the Shia Kingdoms of Bijapur and Golconda was religious. The conquest of these Muslim kingdoms of the south removed the strongest local check on Maratha activities and left them free to raise resistance of Mughal Imperialism. Aurangzebs mistaken policy of war in the Deccan which continued for twenty seven years drained the resources of the empire.The rulers of Bijapur and Golconda were Shias and for a fanatical Sunni like Aurangzeb on that point was no place for them in India. The annexation of these States was a blunder. He should have followed a buffer-state policy towards these kingdoms. He should have subordinated his religious zeal to statesmanship. If he had helped these states against the Marathas, he would have been able to keep the latter in check with a good deal less expense and waste of energy. After the annexation of Bijapur and Golconda, Aurangzeb tried to crush the military unit of the Marathas Sambhaji the son of Shivaji was captured and put to death.His son Sahu was also made a prisoner. However the Marathas carried on their struggle against the Mughal under the leadership of Raja Ram and Tara Bai. When Aurangzeb died in 1707, the power of the Marathas was not still crushed. They were stronger than before. Well I think, The Deccan was the grave of his reputation as well as of his body. He had to remain a way from the jacket for a quarter of a century. The result was that the whole of the administration went out of gear. There was confusion everywhere. The provincial Governors did not send the land revenue to Central Government.At a time when money was ingested for Deccan war, very little was coming from the provinces. No wonder when Bahadur Shah succeeded to the throne, the treasury was empty. After the death of Aurangzeb various provinces became independent of the Central authority. Oudh became independent under Saadat Khan Bengal, Bihar and Orissa became independent under AlivardiKhan. Asaf Jat Nizam-ul-Mulk became indepent in the Deccan. The Rohillas became independent in Rohilkhand. The Rajputs also asserted their independence. Thus, gradually the Mughal empire broke up.The failure of Aurangzeb in the Deccan wars destroyed the military prestige of the Mughals. Too much of expenditure made the Mugahl government bankrupt. The Deccan wars can rightly be called the Ulcer which destroyedthe Mughal Empire. Weak Successors of Aurangzeb Aurangzeb died in 1707 and before his death he left a will by which he portioned his empire among his three sons. Inspite of this a bitter fratricidal war took place among the three princes for the throne. Muazzam was the ruler of Kabul and the Punjab, Muhammad Azim the second son was the ruler of the deccan. Prince Muazzam came to the throne subsequently defeating his brothers.The Mughal system of government being despotic much depended on the personality of the emperor. Under a strong emperor all went well but the succession of a weak emperor was reflected in every filed administration. Unfortunately all the succession after Aurangzeb were weaklings and quite incapable to meet the challenges from within and without far from stemming the tide of decline, they arranged the situation by their idiosyncrasies and lacks morals. Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712) was 69 at the time of his succession to the throne and was too old to maintain the prestige of the empire.He liked to appease all parties by profuse by grants of titles and rewards. Jahandar Shah (1712-1713) the next in succession was a lavishness profligate fool. Farrukh Siyar (1713-1719) was a contemptible coward. Mohammad Shah (1719-1748) spent to the highest degree of the time watching animal fights. He was nicknamed Rangila for his addiction to wine and women. During his rule Nadir Shah attacked Delhi and Subedars became independent. Ahmad Shah (1748-1754) excelled his predecessors in his physical pursuits. He was unable to cope successfully with the disintegration forces that had grown so alarming on all sides.The empire was reduced to a small order round Delhi. The emperor was deposed and blinded in 1754 by the wasir. He was succeeded by Alamgir II and he was succeeded by Shah Alum who came under British and Maratha protection. Such weak and imbecile Emperors could hardly act as worthy custodians of public interests or maintain the integrity of the empire. Degeneration of Mughal Nobility When Mughal came to India they had hardly a character. Too much of wealth, luxury and leisure s lotsed their character. Their harems became full. They got wine in plenty.They went in palanquins to the battlefield. Such nobles were not fit to fight against the Marathas, the Rajputs and Jats and the Sikhs. The Mughal nobility degenerated at a very quick pace . The Mughals nobility was taken from the Turks, the Afghan and the Persians and the climate of India was not very suitable for their growth. They began to degenerate during their stay in India. Ruddy warriors in boots, became pale persons in petticoats Where wealth accumulates men decay And disloyalty on the empire did pray We have a significant example of the moral degeneration of the Mughal peerage.The Prime Ministers grandson Mirza Tafakh-kjur employ to sally worth from the mansion in Delhi, with his ruffians plunder the shops in the bazars, kidnap Hindu women passing through the public streets in litters or going to the river to desecrate them and yet there was no judge strong enough to punish him, no police to prevent such crimes. Every time such an happening was brought to the Emperors notice by the news letters or official reports, he referred it to the prime minister and did nothing more. Court Factions Broadly speaking, the nobles were ranged in two parties.Those two were children of the soil or the Indo-Muslim company. To this group belonged the Afghan nobles, the Sayyeds of Barha and Khan-i-Dauran whose ancestors came from Badakhastan. These Indian Muslims depended mostly on the help of their Hindu compatriots. The foreign nobles of diverse origin, opposed as a class to the members of the Hindustani party were indiscriminately called Mughals. They were sub-divided into two groups according to the land of their origin. Those who came from Transoxiano and other parts of central Asia and were mostly of Sunni, persuasion formed the Turkani party.The most prominent members of this group was Mohammed Amin Khan and his Cousin Chin-Qillich Khan better known as the Nizam-ul-Mulk. The Irani party was composed of those who hailed for the Persian territories and were Shias. The most important members of the Irani party were Asad Khan and Zulfiqar Khan, the king maker. These were mere factions and were not like modern political parties. Their members had n o common principle of action among themselves except of self-interest and no firm party allegiance. They fought battles, upsetting the peace of the country and throwing administration to dogs.Even in the face of foreign danger these hostile groups could not forge a united front and often intrigued with invadors. Defective Law of Succession The absence of the law of primogeniture among the Mughals usually meant a war of succession among the sons of the dying Emperor in which the military leaders of the times took sides. The sword was the grand arbiter of right and every son was prepared to try his fortune against his brothers Such a system though not applaudable was not without its advantages. It provided the country with the ablest son of the dying emperor as the ruler. Demoralization in the Mughal ArmyThe abundance of riches of India, the use of wine and comforts had very shabbiness effects on the Mughal army. Nothing was done to stop the deterioration. The soldiers cared more f or their personal comforts and less for winning battles. The importance of the Mughal armies was declared to the world when they failed to conquer Balkh and Badakhashar in the time of Shah Jahan. Likewise the failure of Shah Jahan to recapture Kandar inspite of three determined efforts proved to the world that the military machine of the Mughal had become imporatant. In 1739 Nadir Shah not only murdered the people of Delhi but also ordered their wholesale massacre.When such a thing is done by a foreigner, it only proves that the existing government is helpless. Such a government forfeits the right to exact allegiance from the people as it fails to protect life and property of the people. There were inherent defects in Mughal military system. The army was organised more or less on the feudal basis where the common soldier owed allegiance to the mansabdar rather than the Emperor. The soldier looked upon the mansabdar as their chief, not an officer. The defects of this system though ev ident enough in revolts of Bairam Khan and Mahabat Khan assumed alarming proportions under the later Mughal Kings. Only forced by need does he came out of the moat His army best knows how to turn from the fight The Infantry afraid to the barber that shaves The Cavalry fall off from their beds in their catch some Zs But in a dream they see their mount frisk. Economic Bankruptcy After the death of Aurangzeb, the Mughal Empire faced financial bankruptcy. The Deccan wars ruin the finances of the empire. The marches of the Imperial army damaged crops in Deccan while the beasts of burden ate away all the standing crops and greenery. Whatever little was left was destroyed by the Marathas Raiders.There was dislocation of trade and industry. Extravagant expenditure was a crushing burden upon the resources of the country. Nature of the Mughal State The Mughal government was essentially a police government and confined its attention mainly to the maintainance of internal and external orde r and collection of revenue. The Mughals failed to effect a fusion between the Hindus and Muslims, an create a involved nation. All laudable efforts made by Akbar in this direction were undone by the bgotry of Aurangzeb and his successors.

The Return: Midnight Chapter 44

On the smal est moon of the Nether World fine ash was fal ing. It fel on two already ash-covered bodies. It fel on ash-choked water. It blocked the sunlight so that an endless midnight covered the moons ash-coated surface.And something else fel . In the smal est imaginable droplets, an opalescent fluid fel , colors swirling as if to try and make up for the vileness of the ashes. They were tiny drops, that there were tril ions upon tril ions of them, fal ing endlessly, concentrated over the spot where they had once been part of the largest container of raw Power in three dimensions.There was a form on the ground on this spot not quite a corpse. The body had no heartbeat it did not breathe, and there was no brain activity. except somewhere in it there was a slow pulsing, that quickened very slightly as the tiny drops of Power fel upon it.The pulsing was made up of nothing but a memory. The memory of a girl with dark blue eyes and golden hair and a smal face with wide brown eyes. A nd the savouring the taste of two maidenstears. Elena. Bonnie.Putting the two of them together they formed what was not exactly a thought, not exactly a picture. But to someone who only tacit words, it might be translated They are wiating for me. If I can figure out who I am.And that sparked a fierce determination.After what seemed like centuries but was only a few hours, something moved in the ash. A fist clenched.And something stirred in the brain, a self-revelation. A name.Damon.

Chalice Wines Case Essay

The Chalice Wine Group (CWG) is a wine producer has a prestigious reputation for producing consistently elegant wines. The CWG owns two vineyards (Chalice and bighorn sheep) and half of a third (Delta), and also owns three wineries (Chalice, cimarron, and Alicia) and half of a fourth (Opera V completelyey). Chalice vintner is the flagship of the four wineries, and founded in 1969.In June 1993, Chalice was the all publicly-held company in the United States whose principal business is the production and sale of premium wines. The four calcium wineries argon located in different place. Each of them has their own president, typically the winemaker, and separate expediency center separately.The Chalice Wine Group has long history with a prestigious reputation for producing great wine. From the information that from the article, I calculated the price that the retailer will sell to the end consumer is $141.88, which means their target customers are the people who has around purchasing power. So, the CWG is a strong competitor in the mid-high end wine market. Because as we read from the article, CWG keeps lose money from 1992, but the opposite market competitor named Lyford wine maker has good profit margin, and ROA ratio.According to the financial report of CWG, at 1992 and 1993, the group had a net loss of $741,000 and $700,000 separately. In revisal to find out why the company is losing money, and where did this money lost, and how can the other similar industry companies make money, I will trace the paths followed by the 1991 bighorn sheep Meritage White from the vinery, winery, distributer to retailor to analysis the numbers in this value chain and find out the reason why the company lost their money.The VineyardIn order to produce the Cimarron Meritage White, the Cimarron winery need to buy two kinds of grapes for positive 89.17 tonnages at $812.36/ton. Because these two kinds of grapes are grown outside of the Cimarron Vineyard, so they need to pay the hauling cost for $1,463. And the total cost for the grape per case is $13.26.Assuming the Cimarron winery will buy a 30 acrevineyard in Sonoma County where can grow the required quality grapes to produce Cimarron Meritage White, the price for the land is $525,000, and once the vineyard matured, normally needs more than 5 years, the operating cost will be $9.59/case, and the selling price will be $12.99/case. And the assets allocated into the case is $94.71/case.Based on the data, I got the some numbers in the Vineyard step. The profit margin in this process is 26.17%, the Assets turnover ratio is 13.7%, and the ROA is 3.59%. The profit is O.K., and the Assets turnover ratio is too low, and the ROA even lower. So I do not recommend the Cimarron Winery to tog new land. In addition, this data is not including the other costs such as price of the land, clear and replanted fee for phylloxeral which 30-acre land has, and the operating costs that happens before the vineyard mature. If we include those costs into calculation, the ratios will be lower.The WineryIn the Winery process, the price is $76/case for sell, the carried cost is $25.73, the SG&A expenses is $19.31/case, and the assets allocate cost is $263. So, we got some numbers of the profit is $3.98/case, which is very low, the profit margin is 5.24%, the assets turnover ratio is 29.23%, and the ROA is 1.53%. From these numbers and ratios, I knew that even though for every $1 assets investment, the company generates $0.29 revenue and completely $0.0153 profit.In other words, in this process, the CWG is not utilizing their assets well, or they invest frequently more in the assets than necessary, or the cost control is poor. When analysis wines carry cost, we see the winemaking cost is 40% of the total carry costs, and this is cost too much. The profit margin tells us that for every $1 sale, the company only gets profit at $0.054. So CWG can every reduce its costs, or increase its selling prices.All the numbers shows us that in this Winery process, the performance is poor. The Cimarron spends too much in its assets investment. Because the overall utilization of the depreciable assets less than 10% annual capacity, the CWG can learn from the Lyford winery to lease the equipment and spacesto reduce its assets usage costs.The distributorIn this process, the sale cost is $79.81/case, the operating cost is $15.08, and the assets cost is $41.06/case. In order to achieve a gross margin of 25%, the distributor has a 1/3 mark-up over cost, and the final price is $106.41/case. In this process, the distributor got the profit margin at 10.83%. And for every $1 assets investment, the company gets $2.59 revenue, but only $0.28 profit. The problem here is still the sale cost control. Its looks like the distributor has great sales revenue, but the actual profit is very low. The loss is a big number of sale costs.The RetailThe retailer marks up the wine to achieve a 25% gross margin at the proces s too, and make the price of the wine is $141.88/case. The cost of sales is $106.41/case, the operating cost is $5.82/case, and the assets cost is $48.68/case. So, we get the profit margin ratio at 4.1%, which is the last ration among four process, the assets turnover ratio is $291.45%, and the ROA is 11.9%. The issue in this process is even worse than the distributor process. The assets turnover ratio looks great at 2.9145, however, the ROA only at 0.119. The cost of wine, which is $106.41, is playing a big role in this process, so the profit will not be very high.The LyfordCollecting all the information in the case, I got the numbers of the Lyfords are the revenue is $45/case, the costs of sales is $25.41, the marketing expenses and the leasing space and equipment fee is $6.09, and the assets cost is $13.50/case. And the profit margin ratio is 30%, the assets turnover ratio is 333.33%, and the ROA is 100%.For every $1 invest in assets, the Lyford get $1 profit , and the cost in a ssets only 30% of the sales, because the Lyford leased all of its equipment and spaces, and purchased the go of bring the wine from the bulk wine market to the distribution from wineries with surplus capacity, which they will charge for less, or from the custom winemaking operations. In other words, the Lyford winery will not spend large resources into some depreciable assets that idling mostof the year. And the Lyford may more supple plan to bring the product from the bulk to the distributor, which also means they spend much less than Cimarron do.All above all, comparing the ratios among the 4 processes of the Cimarron Meritage White and the Lyford winery, I recommend the Cimarron that 1) skip the distributor process. So there will not be two times 1/3 mark-up over cost, then the final price of the Cimarron Meritage White will be lower and some potential customers might be turn to CWG, and the sales will increase 2) rent the assets to other wineries when the equipment or spaces s et aside for nothing to do 3) stop invest in assets/land 4) learn from the Lyford.Outsourcing the services that required brining the wine to the distributor. The last, even though the Lyfords financial number looks great in this industry, but they still need to be careful just about their risk-cost, because all the assets are rented, and the process that bringing the wine to the final customers are more like depending on the others, so if there is really something happens, such as the leaser stop their lease unexpected, or no more wineries with surplus capacity available, the Lyford might have some problem at some extent.

Music of the 20th Century Essay

In this history of melody and arts, every period has its let characteristic style which is associated with the society from which it originated. The period of the 19th and 20th century perceived the two world wars, and had been a period of many changes advancement in technology, a period of many inventions such as the telephone, television, electronic light, computers, cassette tapes, synthesizers, CD players, and many others. Because of this inventions, experimentations were make in the field of music and arts. Claude Debussy (1862-1918)He studied with Guiraud and others at the genus Paris Conservatoire and as prizewinner went to Rome, though more(prenominal) important Impressions came from his visits to Bayreuth and from hearing Javaneese music in Paris. Debussy and ImpressionismThe Impressionist style of painting developed in the latterly 19th century in France. Although the Impressionist movement did not exclusively consist of French artificers, it did start in France and th e French painters are among the most well-known. several(prenominal) earlier artistic movements, such as Classicism and Realism, influenced the Impressionist painters. In 1855, a World Fair was held in Paris, and art was given significant attention. This contributed to Paris reputation as the center of the art world and the place to be for aspiring painters, such as the group that would come to be known as the Impressionists. Impressionism is a style borrowed from painting which creates an illusion of light and atmosphere by using colors side by side preferably of blending them. The artist avoids realism in favor of conveying impressions. NocturnesAchille-Claude Debussy, 1862-1918, Nocturnes. Completed December 15, 1899 (at 3 a.m., according to an inscription on the manuscript), basic deed October 27, 1901, in Paris. Scored for 3 flutes, 2 oboes, English horn, 2 clarinets, 3 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, cymbals, snare drums, tympani, 2 harps, female chorus, a nd strings.1. Nuages- (Clouds) Debussy pictures the sky with slow and melancholy passages of clouds. The warmth of Nuages recalls a pass love affair.2. Fetes- (Festivals) is a restrained yet joyous celebration, the sort that generates lifelong memories without ever disturbing the neighbors.3. Sirenes- (Sirens) builds on a simple two-note motives to seduce the listeners into Debussys river, effective as dangerously as the mythological beauties who have lured innumer equal sailors to their doom over the centuries.The Music of Bela Bartok Bela Bartok (1881-1945), a Hungarian, is considered a famous progressive modern melodic composer, a great pianist, teacher and researcher. He was one of the leaders of Hungarian nationalism and made use of the Hungarian folk tunes in his music. Just uniform Stravinsky, he was one of the composers who belonged to the movement of Neo-Classicism a return to the simplicity of Classicism and combining of modern sound with classic form.His style is char acterized by rhythms which are percussive and intricate because of the influence of the Hungarian dance patterns. He used polyrhythm, which means using two or more different rhythms played at the aforementioned(prenominal) time. In some of his compositions like Six Dances in Bulgarian Rhythm, no.1, you will notice the irregular grouping of beats.Polytonality, which is the simultaneous combination of two or more tonalities in a composition, can also be found in Bartoks compositions.Antonio Molina and ImpressionismDr. Antonio Molina (1894-1980) was one of the 20th century composers who wrote art music. He was considered the Claude Debussy of the Philippines because he was the first to introduce several important devices, technically characteristics of impressionism in music.One of Molinas popularly known, compositions is Hatinggabi. Another composition of Molina is Dancing Fool. In this composition, he made use of the whole tone scale and used it as a descriptive device.Schoenberg an d Expressionism Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)Austrian composer, Schoenbergs development of the twelve-tone method of composition was a move point in the 20th century music. He was a self taught musician.Another philosophy of art which affected the music of the 20th century is expressionism. It is a style which seeks to express emotion with exaggerations rather than represent the physical world. The followers of the movement believe that this world is full of tension, and people are irrational, rebellious and frightened to be alone.ExpressionismMany of the 20th music reflects an artistic movement called expressionism, which stress intense and subjective emotion. Painters, writers, and composers explored inner feelings rather than depicting outward appearances. The expressionists rejected schematic prettiness.Arnold Schoenberg was known for the radical sound of his music. In this song cycle, Pierrot Lunaire, he made use of different style of singing which is called Sprechstimme. Pi errot Lunaire calls for unusual style of vocal performance halfway between speaking and singing.SprechstimmeLiterally it means speech voice. It is a manner of performing a song which sounds half-sung and half-spoken. Multimeter is identified, by the time signature, a fractional symbol in which the numerator specifies the number of beats per bar, and the denominator specifies the relative note value assigned to one beat.Syncopation (Accent) the suppression of an expected rhythmic set phrase by the continuation of an accented tone that begins just before it.The Music of Stravinsky Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971)A Russian composer, later of French (1934) and American nationality. Stravinsky was regarded as the worlds greatest composer. His once revolutionary works were modern classics.Like Debussy and Schoenberg, Stravinsky a composer from Russia, was also one of the 20th century composers who established refreshful trends in music, instead of just using the new trends in his music, he c ombined the traditional and modern trends. Electronic MusicMusic that requires knowledge or use of electronic devices to produce or manipulate sounds during its composition and performances.With the advancement in technology, many composers are experimenting new sound sources such as electronic, environmental and other non-tonal sound. handed-down instruments are used but in different way. Even computers, cassette tape recorders, and synthesizers are used. Concrete MusicMusic created by reworking natural sounds recorded on discs or tapes. Filipino Contemporary Composer Nicanor Abelardo (1893-1934)- Our foremost Kundiman composer also showed the elements of modernism in his music. This is heard in his Cinderella Overture and Sinfonietta for Strings Dr. Lucrecia Kasilag (1918-)- Neo-classicist. The music of Kasilag is unique in which she was able to combine the music of the east and west. This is shown in her Tocatta (1958) were she made used of the piano, clarinet, oboe kulintang an d turiray. The Kuiliontang is very prominent in her Concert Divertisement. Dr. Jose Maceda (1917-)- is the pioneer and exponent of avant-garde music in our country.When he was in France, he joined the Music Concrete movement. An example of his work is Ugnayan(1974). Most of Macedas composition make use of a large number of people and the environment. Dr.Ramon Santos (1941-)- Another way of combining western and non-western materials and structures is shown by Dr. Ramon Santos. He made use of Asian material in his new way of composing. We will hear in his composition new concept and system of composing which he learned from his studies abroad. At present there is a group of young composers who are active in promoting this so called New Music. Some of them are Ryan Cayabyab, Chino Toledo, Laverne Dela Pena, Arlene Chongson,and Jonas Baes.

Factors of courage Essay

In this essay I will consider the social, economic and political factors of fearlessness. Many an afternoon has been enjoyed by a family, bonding over the discussion of courage. While much has been written on its influence on contemporary living, it is essential to remember that what goes up must come down. Often it is seen as both a help and a hinderence to those politicaly minded individuals living in the past, many of whom pop off to comprehend the full scope of courage. At the heart of the subject are a number of key factors. I plan to examine each of these factors in detail and and asses their importance.Social FactorsSociety begins and ends with courage. The immortal and indispensable phrase honesty is the best policy 1 shead new light on courage, allowing man to take it by the hand and understand its momentum. Much has been said about the influence of the media on courage. Observers claim it is crunchy on the outside but soft in the middle.Nothing represents either day life better than courage, and I mean nothing. Just as a dog will draw to its own sick, society will return to courage, again and again.Economic FactorsEconomics has been defined as Ill scratch your back if you scratch mine. To my learned ear that sounds like two people with whiney backs. Of course, courage fits perfectly into the Inter-Spam model of economics.The statistics make it clear that courage is a major market factor. In spite of the best efforts of The World Bank the personify of living world wide are driven entirely by courage. The financial press seems unable to make up its mind on these issues which unsettles investors. semipolitical FactorsNo man is an island, but what of politics? Comparing the ideals of the young with the reality felt by their elders is like contrasting playing with a puppy and cantabile with a blackbird.In the words of one of the great political analysts Odysseus T. Time Political idealists must ideally deal, for I daily list my ideals politically. 2 This clearly illustrates the chief(a) concern of those involved with courage. It would be wise to approach the subject with the thought that if you dont have anything nice to say, dont say anything at all. However this can lead to missing out important facts.I wait anxiously. What will the next few years bring for courage? ConclusionWhat can we conclude? Well, courage is, to use the language of the streets Super Cool. It inspires, brings glamour to an unglamorous time and is a joy to behold.Ill leave you with this plagiarize from Leonardo Beckham Its been nice educating you. 31 Traditional possibly first said by King Arthor but probably not.2 Time Yes Indeed 1987 Indegro Books3 Smashing Hits publication 224 Jazz Media

Learning Definition

Definition Learning Abstract What is Learning? Does a youthful experimental condition need to be coined for accomplishment? unmatchable hundred and four scholarly persons under alum and graduate were asked to respond to the headland. Their responses were coded using the five levels enquiryer intentional rubric which was modelight-emitting diode after Blooms Taxonomy for deepness of populateledge. Of the responses coded fifty-one were from Pre-Service instructors and fiftythree were from graduate savants enrolled in the Principals Masters Program.The effects of judgment instruction include the preparation of lesson plans, classroom instruction, the guiding of assimilator culture, and the superior development of instructor leaders. Introduction Learning is a term that is being used with great frequency in direction. Learning is a critical event instantly, because if a minor has knowing, past doors atomic number 18 opened to the world. If the savant has non c heck outed thusly their opportunities for success welcome been narrowed. instructors be heard to say, ? my students learned their multiplication tables directly.? It is concrete and mensurable, e really they female genitalia recite them from memory or they piece of ass not.Can they recite them today and a week from today? early(a) instructors ar heard to say, ? my students learned to write an essay.? They learned the parts of an essay. They learned the parts of an essay, exactly stooge they write an essay? The question of ? What is Learning? has become critical in the lives of children, adolescents, and adults. In both(prenominal) raises children cannot move from one grade to another without passing a criterion referenced test which is tryn on one day of the year. If on that day the child can answer an appropriate number of the given questions they can pass on to the next grade.Should the student fail the test, then he is given the test repeatedly-until he/she ? pass es? and then he is permitted to move on to the next grade. If the student does not pass, then the student is retained, to try to learn over again (Texas 726 Education Agency, 2010). When the student reaches high-pitched trail they whitethorn face end of course exams that determine whether or not they are able to graduate or the level of the diploma that can students receive. Scores on one test determine whether or not a student is required to take sanative classes before entering the regular college program, even if the student ? assed? the course in high school. If the student received a passing grade and then can not perform on the designated test, did they re each(prenominal)y learn? No, by our measures they did not learn. When then, has cultivation occurred? It is often said, ? when I can teach approximatelyone else, when I can lend oneself the data, when I can make ? acquisition? connections of content across conceptual areas.? All the responses and many more(prenomina l) than may be correct. The question calm remains, when has learning occurred and to what degree has that learning been embedded for connections to new learnings? What is Learning It is no longer acceptable to say, ? I know that the students are learning as they all are smiling and giving positive body language of acceptance during the lesson?. This was at one time considered a ? check for understanding however, understanding is to a fault a vague term which is not measurable unless ongoing formative minds are given by the teacher (Popham, 2008). Schlecty (2002) identifies the behavior of smiling and nodding on the part of the teacher pleasing student as either 1) Ritual engagement, or 2) Passive compliance.According to Schlecty (2002) ritual engagement occurs when the student is undertaking the parturiency or assignment because of the end result which is often identified as a passing grade. Passive compliance serves to identify the necessary effort that student will expend in or der to avoid negative consequences, which can include a bad grade or not passing the ? test.? Again, the question emerges did learning occur? Can you ? pass? a test and not have learned the information is the ? learning only in short term memory to be dumped when the 727 goal ? passing the test is achieved.This could lead to another discussion to be addressed at a different time. It is critical for todays educators to be able to document a students progress or lack of. Ron Edmonds put forth the belief and is quoted in 1979 as saying ? It seems to me, therefore, that what is left of this discussion are three declarative statements (a) We can, whenever and wherever we choose, successfully teach all children whose schooling is of interest to us (b) We already know more than we need to do that and (c) Whether or not we do it must finally depend on how we feel bout the fact that we havent so far.? (p. 22) Ron Edmonds believed that all students can learn. He based his lifes work on learni ng trying to determine why in some schools all children were learning and in other schools, the same level of learning was not happening. There have always been pockets of schools ? where learning occurred? and other similar schools where students were not learning as identified by state criteria. Yet, defining learning is still an area that is often un set down for teachers, parents, and the larger community they serve.When commandment talent members are asked to touch on learning, they are seen to smile and write an answer that is a collection of vague terms or word of honors. By vague, the lookers are defining it as being unmeasurable or something that can not be documented without a judgmental reply on the part of the person attempting to define learning it is abstract. So what is learning? Learning is defined in about as many ways as the number of people you ask. The dictionary thesaurus states that learning is noesis, education, erudition, scholarship, understanding, res earch, depicted object, teaching, instruction, edification and wisdom.The commentary in the dictionary defines learning as acquiring of knowledge, acquired knowledge and change of knowledge. The term ? learning? seems to float around teacher meetings, in-service and professional development training, the teachers lounge, parent-teacher conferences, university faculty meetings and even in 728 the classroom with the students. The term learning seems to be used in many cases to indicate a keep downy of a concept, in so far if a ? number of or ? mount of learning (a quantitative amount) had to be documented for any student, that amount would be a human guess, which maybe altered by the State to reach identified targets for learning for that year, that testing cycle. Learning in this context is not or has not been measured, when the targets for learning hap to move up and down based upon the scores of the students on the test. We are all familiar with movement of the learningin th e University classroom it is called a curve. The go target that maybe unidentified leads to a vagueness or lack of clarity if we want to know ? ow much? or ? what? did the student learn? Learning by necessity in conversations about plan is generally connected to assessment in order to determine if learning has occurred. This ? learning? becomes critical for the classroom teacher. W. crowd together Popham says, ? That formative assessment process must be based, not on a whim, tho on evidence of the students current level of mastery with paying attention to certain sciences and bodies of knowledge? p. 7. This being the case, then the role of determining learning becomes the responsibility of the classroom teacher.When observing in classrooms, today, many of us have witnessed students being given a passing grade because they were compliant teacher pleasers, or a terrific problem that the teacher did not want to deal with again, they passed on to the next level of learning without u nderstanding the ? learning?. Assessment did not occur and if it did, it was ignored. These children who have not learned and who have been passed from grade to grade sustain the frustration and failure that accompanies, never learning. During a recent observation an eighth grade scholarship class, the teacher stated to the observer that this ? as a unmanageable root word of students.? The day before the classroom observation a fight had occurred with three boys in the class and another teacher had to come into the science teachers class to intervene 729 and stop the fight. The planned science laboratory for the observation day was excellent, even though students were threatened, ? if you dont behave you will not get to go outside for the lab. It is a really trustworthy lab and it will be fun. You are going to miss the lab if you dont finish the lab sheet. You are going to keep everyone from getting to do the lab it is fun.You are going to get beads.? Finally, with help and co axing all of the students complete the pre-lab form. so students were given string and colored beads to put around their wrists, to go outside and see what happened to the beads in the sun. It was exciting for the Junior High students to watch as the beads as they changed colors. Then it was time to complete the lab sheets. The teacher relished the curiosity of the students as they asked questions about the process of the color change and she skillfully guided their responses. Now the students had to write up the lab report.One African American student walked around with his head down looking for beads. Other students, also African American and Hispanic, never attempted to complete the form. The observer offered to help, finally going over to one black child sitting on the ground with his head between his legs. The observer asked, ? can I help you finish the form the student had not started to write. The black child responded that, ? He did not want to.? It became ever so painful ly obvious that a number of the students in this predominately low-income classroom could not write and were reading at an elementary level.Had science learning occurred for the students who were actively involved in the lab with the changing colors of beads when exposed to sunlight? Learning was not evidence for the classroom teacher, since the lab forms were not completed. Yet, for the school by state standards, reading is rated at an acceptable level of performance for the majority of the students tested. Given the significance of high stakes testing that effects children and teachers lives, it is no longer acceptable to say learning has occurred, when one child has been left behind.Learning must be measurable and real. It must last. Today educators need to be able to document a students 730 progress or lack there of and the interventions for learning are essential. Yet, is high stakes testing the answer for the dilemma of ? learning.? It is very difficult to pass a high stakes t est, and to learn if a child can not read, yet they must also be able to demonstrated learning in science, math, and social studies. High stakes tests provide a material for accountability. High stakes tests may serve to distribute teaching fairly and equitably for all students.Funding for schools is connected to learning or the lack thereof, but much more is learned in schools than can be measured on one test, on any given day of the week. The measurement for learning and of learning is critical to the life of the child. For the purposes of this work an attempt was made to determine a definition for learning based upon the understanding of Teacher-candidates (pre-service students) and graduate students in the School of Education and Human phylogeny in a regional institution that serves a predominately low income, rural, minority population.Additionally, this institution serves a large metropolitan area, which has a population that is diverse financially, ethnically, and culturall y. Research Study This research study began as university faculty reviewed lesson plan assignments of teacher candidates. It was found that an acceptable assessment/ valuation of the skill being addressed was abstracted in approximately 90% of the plans submitted. This seemed to be very odd that the students would just omitted one of the components of the lesson plans which they were developing even though it was listed in the assignment directions.In the directions, it was stated that all lesson plans must contain a title, objective/s, supplies, procedure and assessment/evaluation which matches the objective/s. It was noted that most of the lessons which were missing components cited an online source for his/her lesson. In her work, Patton (2009) found that many of the lesson plans on the Internet were not quality. Using the very basic components, she found that less than 10% were 731 complete. There was not any judgment used as to the quality of the component as at this point it was a simple response of yes if the was there and no if it was not.The study evaluated approximately 200 lesson plans which were retrieved from the Internet. These lesson plans were just picked randomly after a Google search was done to locate the various posts. Only one lesson plan was printed from each site to be included in the study. Further while in consultation with a graduate faculty member who also teaches ? learning? for teachers becoming principals, it was obstinate that several class sessions were being spent on ? learning.? What is learning and when has learning occurred?Again, the responses were vague, non-specific and general, without the extended focus and discussion on learning, there was no real conclusion of ? learning? by prospective principal students. Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine what undergraduate and graduate students in the School of Education and Human Development consider to be ? learning.? That is The researchers for this project w ere attempting to determine how others describe and interpret learning. Methodology The subjects of the study were 104 teacher candidates and graduate students preparing for the principalship.There were 51 teacher candidates and 54 graduate students. These students were surveyed to determine how or what they perceive as learning. The teacher candidates are in the last semester of coursework before doing student teaching. These Teacher candidates have been busy preparing lesson plans and were asked as a part of a multiple phased assignment to give their personal meaning of learning. In an additional, second assignment, they were asked to write a paper on learning and to state how they could document a students progress. Definition Learning 732 will be addressed in this paper with the primary question being ?Does a new mental model need to be developed for the Teacher candidates The future principals were given the same assignments we must remember that these graduate students are in the classrooms, thus preparing lesson plans on a daily basis. The process was equally important to these future Teacher Leaders, as they help others at the campus find their meaning of learning. The ethnicity of the students in this study is very diverse. Approximately 50% of the student body is majority and the other 50% are minorities including about 4% international students. Instruments Survey A quick 3-4 minute response to the question ? hat is learning Rubric researcher designed. See figure 1 below. take aims of Learning aim 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1 Gained information, able to apply and then have that information which was gained measured in some way Gained information, complex definition and the person is able to apply what was gained. A detailed definition however is just banking the information and is not able to apply the gained knowledge Is able to give an answer however, is not able to do more than bank the information. Lowest of levels. Only repeat the word, learning does not give an answer or defines learning with learning.This one is almost lower than the knowledge level on Blooms taxonomy. Figure 1 Researcher designed Rubric of the levels of learning Several weeks prior to the survey being distributed, the researchers developed a hierarchical, five-tier ranking system to evaluate the surveys. Blooms taxonomy served as a model 733 of hierarchical ranking to evaluate the surveys. Charles Randalls work with problem solving was also an influence. Responses to the surveys were scored using the rubric to measure levels of thinking. The grading rubric was a 1-5 Lickert scale. Level 1) The lowest of levels.The student only repeated the word, learning does not give an answer or defined learning with the word learning. Level 2) The student is able to give an answer however, it not able to do more than bank the information. Level 3) The student is able to give a detailed definition, however, but is not able to apply the gained knowledge. Level 4) The student gained information, provided a complex definition and is able to apply what was gained. and Level 5) The students gained the information was able to apply and then have that information which was gained measured or evaluated in some way.The participants in the survey were asked to write their definition of learning. They were given about 3 minutes to do so. They were told well in advance that the task was not a graded exercise as to the quality. It was either a full credit if you participated or no-credit if you did not. It was hoped that this would mitigate some anxiety and allow the participants to elaborate on the task. Graduate students breathed deeply and hesitated to respond to the quarry. The responses which only had a few words and repeated the word ? learn or used the word ? earn to complete the definition were rated a one (1). A rating of a two (2) was reserved for definitions which were of very low level and seemed to believe that the human mind was a bank for the information and was not be used. It was to be stored or banked. This banking was more like a safe deposit box where the info was safe but did not gain any interest or in this case no new information could be added. The ranking of a three (3) was given for a more detailed definition and possibly even added a little information but it was still kept in the safety of the bank.For a four (4) the response illustrated that the person gained the information and was able to apply and 734 use it in a constructive manner. The highest tier on the hierarchical chart was a five (5). In this highest ranking the students illustrated gained information, which he/she was able to apply and then have that practise measured or evaluated in some manner. After the surveys were completed the responses were first coded into two categories. The first being very simply responses and in the other the responses were more complex.Next the responses were evaluated using a researcher-designed rubric whi ch was modeled from the very low knowledge level response to the highest level which utilized a judgment and evaluation in the explanation. The two researchers rated the surveys individually and then met and re-evaluated each. The ratings of the two researchers were very close. When there was an evaluation not in agreement, the two discussed and came to a consensus. Using the criteria there was 90% agreement thus, establishing inter-rater reliability. Results/Findings For the purpose of the findings to the question ?What is learning , only one student, a teacher candidate, 1 of 51 responded at the lowest level. None of the graduate student responses were evaluated as a level one response, meaning they only repeated the word learning and did not give an evaluation or an answer to define learning. Fourteen of 51, (27%) teacher candidates responses, were at level two, as did 11 of 53, (21%) of graduate students. By a level two response, they were considered to have given an answer to w hat is learning, but they did not apply or evaluate learning as apart of the response.Twenty-three of 51 teacher candidates (45%) of the responses were a level Three. A detailed definition was provided, but there was no application indicated in the response. trance 20 of 53 graduate students (38%) responses were rated as a level three. 735 Thirteen of 51, (26%) teacher candidates responses were a level four. They gained the information and provided a complex definition which included application. Seventeen of 53, (32%) teacher candidates responses were rated as level four. While 5 of 53 graduate students (9%) had a level 5 response. There were no level 5 responses from the teacher candidates.Level 5 is the highest of levels and most difficult to achieve. To be rated a level 5 response the answer to ? What is learning , encompassed the lower levels of knowledge, application, and added the element of evaluation, the responder could document the ? learning? results. See Table 1 below for these findings. Teacher Graduate Candidates Students Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 0 13 23 14 1 5 17 20 11 0 Table 1 Number of responses at each level Figure 2 represents a graph canvass the teacher candidates and graduate students at each level of the rubric.See the Figure below. 736 25 20 15 Teacher Candidates Graduate Students 10 5 0 Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Figure 2 A comparison of teacher candidates and graduate students at each level Implications Do we as educators need to change the language of the education community? The answer is a definite yes if we are going to document a number which can and does open and close doors for students? Students are allowed in programs where they really do not have the background knowledge or even need in those particular programs.By the same token, students are refused entrance into programs as they did not empress certain adults who are making the call, yet if given a measurable instrument, these students prove to be very proficient in the topic. Further, as Educators we need to define, ? what is learning so that teachers and principals can focus upon the immenseness of the learning in the classroom. A new term needs to be coined that can describe to the world of education and to the larger community, what is implied when it is said that, one has learned. Did they master the concept, will they remember the learning six months or five years from now?Or, did the student only learn to pass a test and then forget the information to go on to a new ? learning. The new term needs to be 737 one that is measurable, can be documented, described and explained, have a common meaning so that everyone, including all ethnic congregations, will have a fair chance when it is used. If learning is a process earlier than a test as suggested by Popham, then clarity is required when the use of the term is applied. Curricular aims need to be determined. Sub-skills leading to learning should be identified an d our own beliefs about learning must be clear. (Popham, 2008, Lambert, 2002, Schlecty, 2002).Teachers cognitive development when explored by Ammon (1984) in a study of a two-year teacher education program with an emphasis on teaching teachers about child development (Piagetian theory) found that teachers as they studied Piagetian and related developmental theory, their personal conceptions of students, learning, and teaching changed. The participating teachers progressed from simplistic to more complex, interactive explanations of students behaviors, development, and learning. These teachers moved from ? showing and telling,? to designing a learning environs that fostered the construction of knowledge for learning.The teachers views on learning shifted from passive receptions to active construction of learning. A young teacher is described by C. Yarema as she moves conceptually into understanding a mathematical concept that she herself had never grasp, until reflecting with her le arning community (Yarema, Smith, and Hutto under-review). The teacher learning example is a problem for the 5th -6th grade research lesson in mathematics which was stated as follows ? A new season of sports has started and programs are being designed for printing. Certain companies purchased spaces on your 8? nch by 11 progress rectangular advertisement scalawag to be seen in the next program. Given the ad pieces, your group must design an advertisement page for the program. You will pick up that ads are in three categories entertainment, apparel and food. What fraction of the page is cover by entertainment ads A teacher volunteered with the rest of her group observing and conference data on student learning. The principal, an education faculty member, evaluator of the project, university mathematics faculty, and teachers in the 7th-8th grade group were invited to join the 5th 6th grade group in this phase of their lesson study. 38 Students were introduced to advertising by peru sing sports programs, then the teacher posed the problem and gave each group of students materials for designing an ad page using 8 separate ads with different areas. Out of the 8 ad pieces, three fell into the category of entertainment. After some difficulty with designing an ad page, all groups stated the answer to the problem as 3/8. Although this answer was anticipated by the teachers lesson study group, she became disturbed that all students ? got the defame answer.?Instead of following the suggested interventions recorded in the groups Plan to Guide Learning, apart of the Lesson Study Process, the teacher chose to focus students attention on her. From the anterior of the room, she then directed students through a paper folding exercise, folding the advertisement page into halves, fourths, and eighths. At that point, she asked students to place the 3 entertainment ads on the page. adjacent this set of instructions, students saw that 3/8 of the page was not covered, and some changed their answer accordingly to (3? )/8.Although this answer is technically correct, the teacher did not see this as a possible answer and instructed students to fold the paper again into sixteenths, thus leading all students through the same solution process to the answer 7/16. During the post lesson discussion with the observers, the teacher learning was identified the teacher spoke first. She elaborated on the decision made as an individual teacher. Then the group moderator called on various people to ask the Teacher questions. A teacher colleague asked her how she thought her students would have responded if she had focused them on the whole to the fraction in the problem.The Teacher referred back to a mathematics lesson in a summer professional development that she had attended, and she state, ? that she never thought in terms of the whole to the faction.? Then the Teachers principal complimented her on introducing the paper folding exercise and asked her the reason she cho se to continue folding the paper to sixteenths. The Teacher admitted that she did not know what to do when all the students answered 3/8 and that her 739 pedagogical choice of folding the paper into sixteenths took away the opportunity for students to engage in problem solving as it led them all to the same answer of 7/16.She also stated that she did not know if they understood this answer. Next, the outreach mathematician asked her why she redirected students away from the answer (3? ) / 8 of the page being covered by entertainment ads. The teacher was unable to respond as other teachers from her school commented about the need to hear students explanations so the group could learn more about what students were thinking. During this discussion, another teacher commented that she finally understood why (3? ) /8 of the page is a correct answer. The teacher then reiterated what she had learned from the debriefing?The question evolves again, when has learning occur? Is it incremental, in stages as concepts develop both for students and teachers? Students are held to a different level of accountability for learning. Yet, with the learning, can they move to application and evaluation of the learning? Benjamin Bloom understands the responsibility of the teacher in the classroom for student learning. He states that students, maybe different in the rate that they learn, but not their say-so for learning. (Bloom, 1981). Other factors can be identified that effect and influence learning.One of the primary factors effecting student learning is the in effect(p)ness of the teacher, (Podesta, 2000). Studies have shown that students with teachers who are highly effective out perform other students on standardized tests. The expert teacher work can be very different from that of the novice teacher. The implications for the learning of the student are significant. Learning is required. While there are graduations in teacher content knowledge and pedagogy, there still should remain a sense in all teachers in every classroom, what is learning for that day, for that subject, if students are expected to learn.John D. Bransford and Nancy J. Vye (1989) cite the variations in knowledge from ? know that, something is true to ? knowing how to think, learn, and solve problems.? p. 193. The stakeholders of todays 740 educational society demand to see documented evidence that the students are learning and mastering the required content. apiece school, national and private, answers to a high entity who in turn reports to the State and ultimately the Federal government the level of learning of the students. Reports i. e. , STEM, etc keep the progress or lack of learning in the public eye.The effectiveness of the schools is closely monitored. The level of learning of the students is monitored by the government, business, parents, and tax payers as they determine whether or not families will choose to move to a town, a neighborhood, or a state. Internationally the educational level of each and every country is compared daily to determine the intellectual capacity of the citizenry. Conclusions If, as a country, we are using high stakes testing to determine if students are learning, then the teacher should be able to state the learning goal and know the theatrical production steps that would lead to the learning goal.What is learning, when did it happen, or if the student did not learn, then what action did the teacher take to re-teach, re-mediate so that the student did learn. Are there learning progressions-scaffolds and have they been identified, in order for the student to learn the larger concept of the lesson. Deep and important discussion should be a part of the teacher education curriculum that include what is learning, when did learning occur, did the information pass the attention threshold for the student, is it stored in long term memory. How do we encourage students to learn?As the Nation moves to National Standards for learning, then translating learning goals into real learning and mastery of concepts become crucial for teacher effectiveness in the classroom (Bulter and McMunn, 2006). Each teacher must be able to identify the timeline for that individual student learning has taken place and for her/him and what is learning for that individual lesson, concept, unit, or area of study. While it is impossible to know everything in 741 todays society, it is critical that educators understand learning, in order to assure that all students do learn.Jennifer B. Chauvot, in her article ? instauration practice in scholarship, grounding scholarship in practice Knowledge of a mathematics teacher educator-researcher,? speaks to the importance of teacher training, citing that there is limited research focused upon what teacher educators need to know and how they develop that knowledge. There tends to be an assumption that a good teacher will be a good teacher educator, but in reality little attention has been given to the support of teacher educators.The state of Texas is currently involved in attempting to augment teacher training of teacher educators as end of course assessments are requiring a higher level of teaching at the university so that teacher candidates will be prepared to teach the curriculum in the public schools. Bridging the gaps of current teaching and elevating the practice for teacher education has become a focus of the statewide initiative. The curriculum becomes the knowledge to be learned by the student and taught by the teacher. With State and National curriculum standards serving to focus education, teaching and learning, then a clear expectation of ? earning? is necessary for both the teacher and the learner. Implications for colleges and universities as they change their instruction to assure that the teacher candidates become avid classroom teacher. These teacher candidates will progress from the university classroom to the being the confident and secure classroom teach er. Connecting teacher learning with student learning is the theme of the ten key principles of professional development as outlined by Timperly (2008), whereby experts work with teachers to assist them as expert teachers who teach others content and skills of pedagogy.Focusing upon student learning whether in the k-12 classroom or the university cathode-ray oscilloscope becomes a priority, if all students are going to ? learn.? Additionally, the professional development of teachers to extend and 742 scaffold content knowledge become an important role of school districts and universities as they reach out and build learning communities. Newmann and Wehlage (1995) noted that ? Schools with strong professional communities were better able to offer authentic pedagogy and were more effective in promoting student learning.? p. 3.The next area for research will be for the students to identify their learning goal for their students and then determine, if learning has occurred. 743 Referen ces Ammon, P. (1984). Human development, teaching and teacher education. The Teacher Education Quarterly, 11 (4), 95-108. Bloom, B. (1981). All Our Children are Learning A Primer for Parents, Teachers, and other Educators. NY McGraw-Hill Book Company. Bransford, J. D. Vye, N. J. , A Perspective on cognitive research and its implications for instruction in Toward the Thinking Curriculum Current Cognitive Research. 1989 Yearbook of ASCD. Edited by Laureen R.Resnick and Leopold E. Klopfer. Arlington, VA. Bulter, S. M. & McMunn, N. D. (2006). A Teachers guide to classroom assessment Understanding assessment to improve student learning. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco, CA. Chauvot, Jennifer B. (2008). ?Grounding practice in scholarship, grounding scholarship in practice Knowledge of a mathematics teacher educator-researcher.? Teaching and Teacher Education. 1-14. Emonds, R. (1979). Effective schools for the urban poor. Educational Leadership. 37(1), 15-24. Jarvis, P. (2006). Towards a Compre hensive Theory of Human Learning. London. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.International Academy of Education (IAE) and International Bureau of Education (IBE) Retrieved from http//unesdoc. unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0017/001791/179161e. dpf. Lambert, Linda. (1998). Building Leadership Capacity in Schools. ASCD. Alexandria, VA. Newmann, F. M. & Wehlage, G. G. , (1995) Successful School Restructuring A Report to the Public and Educators by the Center on Organization and Restructuring of Schools. Madison, WI Center on Organization and Restructuring Schools. Patton, B. (2009) Lesson Plans and the Teacher Candidate Is the Internet helping or hindering? National Social Science Association Journal. 1(2) 146-9. Podesta, J. , (2007). ?Quality Teachers, Quality Schools Testimony to the family unit of Education and Labor Committee.? Center for American Progress. May 11, 2007. Popham, W. J. (2008). Transformative Assessment. ASCE. Alexandria, VA. Randall, C. (1985). The role of problem sol ving. arithmetical Teacher 38. 48-50. Randall, C. (1985) How to teacher problem solving step by step. Arithmetic Teacher 15. 62-6. Randall, C. (1989). Steps toward building a successful problems solving program. Arithmetic Teacher. 36. 25-6. Schley, P. , (2002). Working on the Work. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco, CA. 744 Timperly, H. (2008). ?Teacher Professional Learning and Development.? Educational Practices Series. Yarema. C. , Smith, P. , Hutto, N. , (under-review, 2010). ?A union of Practice Productive Professional development of Mathematics Teaches through Lesson Study.? 745 Copyright of NAAAS & Affiliates Conference Monographs is the property of National Association of African American Studies & Affiliates and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holders express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use.

Data communications and neetworks Essay

What is sign alling? Signalling is a term utilise for the use of data beingness transmitted or carried across a medium for example in a network this could be a cat 5 cable. there has to be a carriage to a fault for the suck inr to go steady the data being sent and this is controlled by whats called convert however the word modulation also means the same thing. The call attention that is sent it modified in a delegacy for it to signify data. There are antithetical types of transmitting methods which differ from what type of medium you are using for example cables or wireless there are four which are listed below 1.Electrical uses your cables to transport data surrounded by nodes 2. Radio trembles this would be your wireless networks and could also include Bluetooth thingmajigs. 3. Light this would use fibre optic cabling to sling high speeds of data 4. Microwave Analogue & Digital Signalling There are two different types of signalling and these sack up be d unmatc hed in Analogue which means it changes all measure in both(prenominal) bounty and frequency. For example an analogue clock which has its hands moving all the time is ever-changing the time all the time. Whereas with digital signalling which are representations of discrete time signals.For example a digital clock shows the minutes and not the seconds. When the instruction is being sent over a network when communicating, the information can travel in two forms, these are analogue and digital. The difference amid the two is simple that analogue signalling never stops, and the information is being sent continuously, a good example of this signalling is clocks. An analogue clock will never stop, as the second hand is always ticking, therefore single(a) can record an accu say reading of the time to the second, or even millisecond. For example, 1 hour 15 minutes and 24 seconds.Appose this to digital signalling where one can not get an accurate reading of a clock as it will yet show the minutes. And therefore is not continuous. This is because the data is consisting of crystallise states, which are on or off. sinfulness Wave This type of wave has two properties a Amplitude & Frequency, the amplitude represents the strength of the signal which would be the pile of a sound for example somebody talking. If the amplitude is stronger than it will travel further. The frequency of a Sine Wave is the rise and fall of the wave from the zero to the top and thence back to the zero this is cognise as a cycle and is measured in Hz.The higher frequency the more cycles and therefore the turn down the frequency the lower the cycles. Analogue The image below shows the analogue type of signalling its constantly changing and represents all the values in the wave range, there is always a value in between a value and another. http//moodle. derby-college. ac. uk/mod/resource/view. php? id=2346 Digital With digital signalling there are no in betweens like there in analogue its exactly either 1 or 0, digital represents separate states and the change between these are practically unnoticeable. http//moodle. derby-college.ac. uk/mod/resource/view. php? id=2346 Asynchronous Transmission Asynchronous transmission is when signals are not sent at regular intervals. A good example of this would be a user using a citeboard attached to a computer. The characters are sent irregularly however the bits must(prenominal) be sent at realisen intervals. This is done by having accurate clocks at both ends of the link. The receiving clock starts when it receives the first bit from the transmitter, this is also known as the start bit. The pass receiver then expects to receive a known number of bits every tick of the clock.When it has received these bits the clock may stop the stand firm bit is known as the stop bit. Synchronous Transmission However when large volumes of data are to be transferred, the waste of the stop and stop bits with every character means that asyn chronous transmission is not an efficient method. With high-speed devices, and buffered low-speed devices, data can be transmitted in large, timed, synchronous blocks. The clocks, in the receiver and transmitter, are kept synchronised by sending regular groups of special characters called SYN characters.Each time one of these groups is detected the receiver re-sets its clock, the data apart from this, its transmitted in exactly the same way as for asynchronous transmission. We can visualise the data as follows Bit Synchronisation In a digital signal, as well as on occasion, an analogue one, all the different devices must know how often the signal varies along the transmission medium. For example, if the speed of the changes goes faster then the rate at which the device checks for changes, there will be a few of the bits missed between samples.If then sampling rate goes faster then the rate at which the transmission goes, the same bit will be use for a different sample a second time. To combat this fact, the devices are made to a planetary standard so that they can work together in harmony, and there are set systems in place to allow the data to be transferred correctly. A lot of the current technologies use asynchronous in series(p) transmission. This transmission method is used when data is not sent at regular intervals, but the bits themselves mother to be sent with regularity, some examples of these are keyboard, mice or even modems.During the spans of time that no signal is sent, the describe or other medium is in what is called an idle state. This is defined by the constant 1 signal being sent. One there is a packet of data that demand to be sent, for example, a key on the keyboard is pressed, the receiver first gets a start bit, a 0 state instead of a 1 to define the beginning of a piece of data now being sent to the receiver, it is then sampled and at the end of the data transmission, the signal returns to the original constant 1 state. Encoding Me thods Encoding simply means that the information is converted from one format to another format.This is a process that the data needs to have done to it before the computer can understand it and process it. There are different types of encoding which are Manchester Encoding is a data communications line code which provides a way of encoding binary data sequences. Each bit is related to by at least one emf level transition. Manchester encoding is said to be self clocking this means that synchronisation of a data stream is possible. Huffman Encoding is another algorithm used for data compression the coding uses a specific method for choosing the representation for each symbol.Unipolar Encoding This type of encoding has 2 voltage states, one of these states is zero and because of this its also know as Return to Zero (RTZ) Unipolar encoding is used in computers & logic and an example of where its used in computers is the TTL logic. Polar Encoding Polar encoding is when the digital enco ding is on a level with zero volts for example the RS232 standard interface uses Polar encoding and unlike Unipolar the value doesnt return to zero, its either a positive or negatively charged voltage. With polar encoding it reduces most of the residual DC problem.